Arboviruses and pregnancy: are the threats visible or hidden?

Table 2 Site of detection of arboviruses in maternal, fetal annexes, and in different neonatal samples according to virus type

	Site of detection of RNA
Virus	Mothers	Fetal annexes	Fetus or neonates
ZIKV	Saliva, urine, blood (whole blood, serum, plasma), anal fluid, cervical mucus, vaginal fluid, breast milk, solid organ transplantation, CSF	Amniotic fluid, placenta, membranes, umbilical cord	Cord blood, urine, neonatal blood, CSF, brain
DENV	Breast milk, seminal fluid, saliva, urine, blood, solid organ transplantation, CSF	Amniotic fluid, placenta, umbilical cord	Neonatal blood, urine
JEV	No data	Placenta	Brain, liver
WNV	Blood, serum, urine, brain, CSF, milk	Placenta, umbilical cord	Blood
YFV	Blood	No data	Serum samples
CHIKV	Breast milk, seminal fluid, saliva, urine, blood, amniotic fluid, placenta, membranes, CSF	Amniotic fluid, placenta	Blood
VEEV	Blood, throat swabs, human serum	Amniotic fluid	Brain tissue from aborted and stillborn human fetuses
OROV	blood	No data	No data

The identification of the virus at a site does not mean that it can be considered as a possible source of contamination (e.g., ZIKV has been found in breast milk without being a confirmed mode of neonatal contamination)
CHIKV Chikungunya virus, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, DENV Dengue virus, JEV Japanese encephalitis virus, OROV Oropouche orthobunyavirus, VEEV Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, WNV West Nile virus, YFV Yellow fever virus, ZIKV Zika virus

ISSN: 2055-0936