Table 1 Reported cases of traveler’s diarrhea (n = 639) in international travelers visiting India and their country of origin
Travelers’ country of origin | Total cases | Number of cases by study | Diagnosis period | Etiology | Disease | Reference: First author (year) | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Korea | 8 | 8 | 2017 | Salmonella Typhi H58 | Typhoid fever | Shin (2021) [38] | All cases had typhoid fever |
France | 24 | 1 | 2014 | Vibrio cholerae O1 and Campylobacter coli | Cholera | Pougnet (2018) [39] | Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa |
4 | 2006 | Vibrio cholerae O1 | Cholera | Tarantola (2008) [40] | - | ||
19 | 2006 | - | - | Tarantola (2008) [40] | - | ||
Thailand | 128 | 128 | 2014–2015 | NR | - | Olanwijitwong (2017) [41] | Self-reported TD. 86 cases of mild diarrhea, and 42 cases of classic TD. 128 tourists had TD during their stay in India and this number decreased to 19 after returning home |
Switzerland | 64 | 30 | 2013–2014 | NR | - | Kuenzli (2017) [42] | Self-reported TD |
34 | 2013–2014 | NR | - | Schindler (2015) [43] | Self-reported TD | ||
USA | 51 | 43 | 2009–2011 | NR | - | Stoney (2017) [44] | Self-reported TD |
8 | 2007–2010 | NR | - | Mackaness (2013) [45] | Self-reported TD | ||
Russia | 3 | 3 | 2010–2012 | Vibrio cholerae O1 | Cholera | Kuleshov (2016) [46] | Contaminated fruit and drinking fountain water were the potential sources of contamination |
UK and Germany | 124 | 124 | 2009–2010 | Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Enteroaggregative E coli, Salmonella, Aeromonas, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lambia, and Norovirus | - | Steffen (2013) [47] | This study assessed the efficacy of a patch vaccine against TD. Incidence rate was 18 TD as per primary endpoint in the vaccine group and 18 in the placebo group |
South Africa | 1 | 1 | 2010 | Vibrio cholerae O1 | Cholera | Ismail (2012) [48] | Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa |
Romania | 2 | 2 | 2009 | Vibrio cholerae O1 | Cholera | Neghina (2012) [49] | Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa |
Australia | 1 | 1 | NR | Not identified | - | Zwar (2011) [68] | - |
USA and Europe | 107 | 23 | 2002–2003 | Noroviruses and other pathogens | - | Koo (2010) [50] | Study conducted in Goa and Kolkata |
84 | 2007–2008 | Multiple micro-organisms including Shigella, Salmonella, Vibrio, Campylobacter species | - | Jiang (2010) [51] | Study conducted in Goa and Kolkata | ||
UK | 31 | 31 | 2008 | - | - | Tillett (2009) [52] | Sport team during event. Specific preventive measures were taken to prevent diarrhea during the competition. Self-reported TD |
Israel, England, Switzerland, Italy, Argentina, South Africa, Austria, USA, Russia, Ireland and Czechia | 95 | 95 | 2003 | - | - | Hillel (2005) [53] | Long-term travelers (median trip duration: 5 months). Self-reported TD |