Table 2 Predominant Syndromic Infectious Disease Reported Among Long Term Expatriates

Destination

Year of study

Study population

N

Ref

Dermatologic

Respiratory

Gastrointestinal

 SEA+Central Asia

2017

Korean

429

5.8%

17.5%

7%

[9]

 SEA

2016

Japanese

209

0.9%

ARI=9.5%

Flu=3.4%

Pneumonia=1.7%

36.2%

[16]

 SEA

2009

long-term travelers

4742

128*

46*

Acute diarrhea= 115*

Chronic diarrhea=86*

[2]

 South Central Asia

2009

long-term travelers

4742

94*

38*

Acute diarrhea= 243*

Chronic diarrhea= 133*

[2]

South Asia

2016

Japanese

209

-

ARI=8%

Pneumonia=4%

32%

[16]

East Asia

2016

Japanese

209

-

ARI=7.7%

Flu=3.8%

TB 3.8%

50%

[16]

Asia Pacific

2012

ill returned expatriates

2883

94*

Flu= 9*

Latent TB=25*

Active TB=3*

Other 45*

Acute diarrhea= 147*

Typhoid=10*

Hepatitis-A=6*

Hepatitis-E=3*

[5]

Asia Pacific

-

European Humanitarian

1190

15.6%

7.3%

39.4%

[10]

 Africa

-

European Humanitarian

1190

17.4%

8.8%

52.5%

[10]

 Africa

2016

Japanese

209

-

ARI=13.3%

Flu=6.7%

26.7%

[16]

 Africa

2012

ill returned expatriates

2883

73*

Flu=6*

Latent TB=13*

Active TB=3*

Other=45*

Acute diarrhea=139*

Typhoid=4*

Hepatitis-A=3*

Hepatitis-E=5*

GI, bacteria=9*

[5]

 SSA

2009

long-term travelers

4742

88*

41*

Acute diarrhea=107*

Chronic diarrhea=53*

[2]

 SSA

-

Portuguese

352

-

ARI=4.2%

TB=0.3%

GI, other= 2.3%

Typhoid=1.4%

[17]

 Latin America

2012

ill returned expatriates

2883

103*

Flu=3*

Latent TB=15*

Active TB=5*

Other 23*

Acute diarrhea=129*

GI, other=136*

Typhoid=1*

Hepatitis-A=1*

Hepatitis-E=1*

GI, bacteria=12*

[5]

 Central America

2009

long-term travelers

4742

97*

22*

Acute diarrhea=149*

Chronic diarrhea=208*

[2]

 South America

2009

long-term travelers

47442

217*

18*

Acute diarrhea= 125*

Chronic diarrhea=133*

[2]

 Worldwide

-

FCO British staff and partners

2020

0.7%

1.7%

2%

[11]

 Worldwide

2007

UK returned VSO

219

40.4%

-

79.9%

[12]

 Worldwide

2007

returning with unsolved health problems

52

15.4%

1.9%

25%

[12]

 Worldwide

2009

long-term travelers

4742

118*

Other 38*

TB 11*

Acute diarrhea= 133*

Chronic diarrhea=23*

[2]

 Worldwide

2009

missionary expatriates

422

13.3%

-

20.3%

[15]

 Worldwide

2009

business expatriates

344

11.1%

-

20.1%

[15]

 Worldwide

2016

Japanese

209

Rubella=2%

Measles=0.5%

ARI=11%

Flu=3.3%

Pneumonia=1.9%

TB= 0.5%

Other=16.7%

Typhoid 1%

Hepatitis-A=1%

GI, other=38.8%

[16]