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Table 1 Common Infectious Disease Reported Among Long-Term Expatriates

From: Infectious diseases and predominant travel-related syndromes among long-term expatriates living in low-and middle- income countries: a scoping review

Destination

Year of study

Study population

N

Health problems

Ref

Fever/vector-borne diseases

Parasitic

STD/HIV

Animal bite

Asia region

 SEA, Central Asia

2017

Korean

429

-

0.9%

-

-

[9]

 SEA

2016

Japanese

209

DF=20.7%

Chikungunya=0.9%

-

-

8.6%

[16]

 SEA

2009

Long-term travelers

4742

Febrile=155*

5*

7*

-

[2]

 South Central Asia

2009

long-term travelers

4742

Febrile=224*

12*

29*

-

[2]

 South Asia

2016

Japanese

209

DF=8%

-

-

40%

[16]

 East Asia

2016

Japanese

209

-

-

-

15.4%

[16]

 Asia Pacific

2012

ill returned expatriates

2883

Febrile=195*

DF=52*

Malaria non-Pf =40*

Malaria Pf =9*

Filaria=6*

Rickettsia=5*

Leishmania=2*

Tissue parasite=8*

Schistosomiasis=1*

Strongyloidiasis=16*

Ectoparasite=4*

5*

7*

[5]

 Asia Pacific

-

European Humanitarian

1190

Febrile=20.6%

-

0.6%

0.3%

[10]

Africa region

 Africa

-

European Humanitarian

1190

Febrile=33.9%

-

0.2%

0.3%

[10]

 Africa

2016

Japanese

209

Malaria Pf =10%

-

-

3.3%

[16]

Africa

2012

ill returned expatriates

2883

Febrile=289*

Malaria Pf =115*

Malaria non-Pf =56*

DF=6*

Leishmania=3*

Rickettsia=4*

Filaria=31*

Tissue parasite=14*

Amebiasis=31*

Giardiasis=33*

Schistosomiasis=36*

Strongyloidiasis=13*

Ectoparasite=5*

5*

2*

[5]

 SSA

-

Portuguese

352

Malaria=3.4%

-

-

-

[17]

 SSA

2009

long-term travelers

4742

Febrile 214*

42*

28*

-

[2]

Latin, Caribbean, South America

 Latin America

2012

ill returned expatriates

2883

Febrile=95*

Malaria Pf =1*

Malaria non-Pf =4*

DF=2*

Leishmania=15*

Filaria=3*

Tissue=14*

Amebiasis=42*

Giardiasis=14*

Schistosomiasis=1*

Strongyloidiasis=15*

Ectoparasite7*

3*

-

[5]

 Central America

2009

long-term travelers

4742

Febrile=108*

-

11*

-

[2]

 South America

2009

long-term travelers

4742

Febrile=93*

8*

8*

-

[2]

Overall

 Worldwide

 

FCO British staff and partners

2020

Febrile=3%

Malaria= 1%

2.7%

-

-

[11]

 Worldwide

2007

UK returned VSO

219

5.8%

-

11.1%

-

[12]

 Worldwide

2007

returning with unsolved health problems

52

-

-

5.8%

-

[12]

 Worldwide

2009

long-term travelers

4742

Febrile=154*

Malaria Pf=36*

Leishmania=14*

Giardiasis=36*

Schistosomiasis=13*

Tissue parasite=6*

-

118*

[2]

 Worldwide

2009

missionary expatriates

422

Febrile=20.3%

Malaria Pf =5%

Malaria Pv=1.6%

-

3.5%

-

[15]

 Worldwide

2009

business expatriates

344

Febrile=21.2%

Malaria Pf =4.4%

Malaria Pv =1.9%

-

2.3%

-

[15]

 Worldwide

2016

Japanese

209

DF=12.4%

Malaria Pf =1.4

Chikungunya=0.5%

-

-

12.4%

[16]

  1. Abbreviations: DF dengue fever, STD sexually transmitted disease, HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, Pf Plasmodium falciparum, Pv Plasmodium vivax, VSO Voluntary service overseas, FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office, GI gastrointestinal, SEA Southeast Asia, SSA Sub-Saharan Africa