Table 1 urinary bladder main carcinomas and their differential characteristics
Characteristics | Urothelial carcinoma | Non-Schistosoma-related Squamous cell carcinoma | Schistosoma-related squamous cell carcinoma |
|---|---|---|---|
Geographic distribution: | |||
- Industrialised countries | - Frequent | - Rare | - Rare |
- Areas with endemic schistosomiasis | - Rare | - Rare | - Frequent |
Main risk factors | Tobacco, toxic industrial chemicals | Tobacco, chronic bladder irritation (indwelling catheter, calculi) | Chronic S. haematobium infection, tobacco |
Age (years) | Sixth-seventh decade | Sixth-seventh decade | Third-forth decade |
Clinical stage at presentation | Usually limited | Usually advanced | Usually advanced |
Macroscopic aspect | Polypoïd, fungating appearance | Nodular, bulky aspect | Nodular, bulky aspect |
Histological differenciation | Urothelial cell phenotype with or without squamous cell differenciation | Pure squamous cell phenotype | Pure squamous cell phenotype |
Histological precursors | Urothelial hyperplasia/urothelial carcinoma in situ | Squamous metaplasia | Squamous metaplasia |
Radio-Chemotherapy response | Better | Poorer | Poorer |
Prognosis | Better | Poorer | Poorer |