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Table 6 Predictive factors for positive leptospirosis diagnosis (having either molecular or serological evidence of leptospirosis) in the study population (n = 147), as calculated through bivariate and multivariate analyses

From: Leptospirosis infections among hospital patients, Sarawak, Malaysia

Risk Factor

Positive cases (%)

Negative cases (%)

Unadjusted OR*

(95% CI†)

Adjusted OR*

(95% CI†)

Education completed

 None (n = 34)

10 (29.4)

24 (70.6)

Ref‡

Ref‡

 Primary (n = 57)

28 (49.1)

29 (50.9)

2.28 (0.95–5.86)

2.47 (1.00–6.41)

 Secondary / College (n = 56)

17 (30.4)

39 (69.6)

1.04 (0.41–2.74)

0.95 (0.36–2.53)

Type of Housing

 House (n = 49)

23 (46.9)

26 (53.1)

Ref‡

 Hut / Wood house (n = 20)

9 (45.0)

11 (55.0)

0.93 (0.32–2.67)

 Longhouse (n = 78)

23 (29.5)

55 (70.5)

0.48 (0.22–1.00)

Washing clothes in river

 Daily (n = 24)

7 (29.2)

17 (70.8)

0.70 (0.25–1.78)

0.86 (0.30–2.27)

 Weekly (n = 5)

4 (80.0)

1 (20.0)

6.03 (0.80–168.44)

10.56 (1.44–214.82)

 None (n = 118)

44 (37.3)

74 (62.7)

Ref‡

Ref‡

  1. * Odds ratio. † Calculated confidence interval. ‡ Reference category