Name | Mechanism of action | In-vitro studies | In-vivo studies | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SARS | MERS | SARS-CoV-2 | Others | SARS | MERS | SARS-CoV-2 | Others | ||
Alisporivir | Cyclophilin mediated inhibition of viral replication | Completely blocked replication [10]. | Inhibit cytopathic effect of virus in cell culture [10]. | No studies | HCoV-229E [11], hepatitis C [12], hepatitis B [13], flaviviruses [14] | Not effective in mouse model [10] | No animal model studies | No studies | Effective in HCV |
Arbidol (Umifenovir) | Intercalation into membrane lipids- inhibition of membrane fusion [15] | In-vitro effectiveness | No studies | In-vitro effectiveness | Influenza, Hepatitis C, Flaviviruses [15] | No studies | No studies | Combined arbidol and LPV/r better than LPV/r alone [16] | Prophylaxis and treatment of influenza [15] |
Cellular oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory | No studies | No studies | In-vitro effective | HIV | No studies | No studies | No studies | No studies | |
Doxycycline | Chelation of matrix metalloproteinase [19] Anti-inflammatory | No studies | No studies | In-vitro effective [20] | Dengue, Chikungunya, Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever, HIV | No studies | No studies | No studies | Dengue [21] |
Isoprinosine or Inosine-pranobex | No studies | No studies | No studies | Influenza, parainfluenza virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus [22,23,24,25] | No studies | No studies | No studies | ||
Interferon | Immunomodulatory action leading to antiviral state | Effective in inhibiting cytopathogenic effects [32]. | No studies | Effective in inhibiting SARS related CoV [33] | Not effective [34]. | Animal model suggests benefit [35] but Clinical data does not [36, 37]. | No studies | ||
Nitric oxide donor compounds* | Inhibits viral replication | Inhibits replication of SARS virus [38] | No studies | No studies | InhaledNO improved arterial in patients with SARS [41] | No studies | No Studies | Decreased severity of Coxsackie myocarditis [42] | |
Oseltamavir | Neuraminidase inhibitor | Not effective [31] | No studies | No studies | Influenza | No studies | No studies | No studies | Influenza |
Teicoplanin | Inhibits viral entry via by inhibiting the enzymatic action of Cathepsin L [43]. | Blocks viral entry [43] | Blocks viral entry [43] | Blocks viral entry [44]. | Ebola [43], HCV [45], Flaviviruses, Influenza, HIV [46,47,48] | No studies | No studies | No studies | No studies |