Table 1 Possible mechanisms of cardiovascular disease in tuberculosis
From: Tuberculosis and cardiovascular disease: linking the epidemics
| Direct effect on the myocardium (tuberculous myocarditis) |
| Direct effect on coronary arteries (tuberculous arteritis) |
| Increased expression of pro-inflammatory citokines (i.e., IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α) |
| Monocyte/macrophage immune activation |
| CD4+ TH1 and TH17 cell immune activation |
| Auto-immunity mediated by antibodies against mycobacterial HSP65 |